We all know that we should use smart study strategies for learning。 But what is the science behind effective study strategies? The tips below come from scientific studies that examine the difference between memorizing for short term and learning for the long haul。

　　我們都希望使用高效的學習策略。但高效學習策略背后的原理是什么呢?下面的建議來自短期記憶和長期的學習之間的區別研究。

　　1.Quiz Yourself Daily 每日自我測試

　　Studies have shown that the best way to remember the information you‘ve read or studied is to test yourself。 Why? It seems that the mere act of pulling information out of your brain and tucking it away again works like a sort of “body-building technique” for memories。 Through a process called retrieval practice， it seems that information becomes sturdier and more embedded as we exercise it。

　　研究表明，記憶閱讀和學習信息最好的方法便是自我測試。為什么是這樣?因為將信息從大腦中提取出來的過程類似鍛煉身體。這一過程被稱為檢索訓練，通過這樣的訓練你可以更牢固地掌握知識。

　　2.Reduce Your Cell Phone Use 減少手機使用

　　It should come as no surprise that spending too much time on the cell phone can affect your grades。 But the relationship between phones and grades is not simple; it’s not just a matter of time spent wisely (or not)。

　　眾所周知，花太多時間在手機上會對你的成績帶來影響。但手機和成績之間的關系并不這么簡單，它不僅僅和時間的合理分配有關。

　　Studies show that there is a relationship between cell phone use， anxiety， and student performance。

　　科學研究表明手機使用、焦慮程度和學習成效之間有一定的聯系。

　　Increased time on the phone seems to be linked to increased feelings of anxiety， and that leads to lower student performance。

　　增加手機的使用時間可能會增加焦慮的感覺，因此，會導致成績下降。

　　Another relationship has been noticed between increased time on cell phones and a decrease in physical activity。 Students who spend more time on phones， in other words， tend to be less active - which also causes a buildup of stress and anxiety。

　　另一個關系是花費在手機上的時間越多，體育活動的時間就會越少。換句話說學生花更多的時間在手機，上，往往會不太活躍，這也會導致壓力和焦慮的累積。

　　In fact， science also suggests that students who take part in aerobic exercise benefit from better long term memory。 It’s just a good policy to limit time on cell phones and increase physical activity。 By reducing the anxiety in your life and getting in better physical shape， you’ll free up your brain to learn and retain!

　　事實上，科學家還發現參加更多有氧鍛煉的學生更容易形成良好的長期記憶力。因此，減少手機使用時間，增加體育鍛煉是很好的策略，通過減少你生活中的焦慮形成強健的體魄，你的學習能力和記憶能力都會更好。

　　3.Stop Trying to Memorize 告別死記硬背

　　Mnemonic devices are handy when you need to memorize a list of items that you intend to recall in the next day or two。 Memorization is a skill that comes in handy for short term memory。 But short term memory is only good if you’re cramming for a test and you don’t care about learning。 Long term memory is the goal for truly learning from the material that you cover in class。

　　當你需要在一兩天后回憶一系列事物時，記憶輔助設備是很方便的。對于短期記憶來說，死記硬背較有幫助。但是你只應對一次測試、不專注長期學習效率時，短期記憶是合適的。長期記憶的目標是真正學習課堂的知識。

　　A recent study shows that memorization impairs your ability to recall details - and that can be a problem if you’re taking a test with essay or multiple choice questions!

　　最近的一項研究表明死記硬背會損害你回憶細節的能力——如果你做文章測試或多選題時這可能是一個問題。!

　　To commit information to your long term memory， you will need to venture beyond memorizing facts。 You must strive to gain a meaningful understanding of concepts beyond the words and names on your list of terms。 This leads to true learning - as opposed to short-term memorization。 Long term memory comes from getting active with material and studying the same information several times over a few weeks。

　　想要形成長期的記憶，你需要突破死記硬背。你必須對詞匯和術語的概念形成更深入的了解。這種長期記憶和短期記憶不同，你需要堅持反復學習相同的知識。

　　4.Use Music and Actions 善用音樂和動作

　　The more active you become when it comes to studying， the more you will be able to commit the information to memory。 If you’re studying foreign language (or any other subject that requires you to learn new vocabulary) it seems that singing is helpful。

　　學習時你越積極認真，就越容易形成長期記憶。如果你正學習外語(或任何其他需要學習新詞匯的科目，唱歌可能是有幫助的。

　　Singing new vocabulary and definitions taps in to your auditory learning skills and helps you recall more readily， according to one study。 It’s certainly worth a try!

　　值得一試的是，一項研究表明將新詞匯和定義唱成歌曲可以幫助你記住更多的內容。

　　Another study shows that you can benefit by taking your class notes by hand instead of using a keyboard to type your notes。 The act of writing words out by hand enhances the comprehension of concepts。 In one study， students who took notes on a computer could recall facts as well as those who used hand-written notes， but they could not grasp concepts nearly as well as the pen-and-paper students。

　　另一項研究顯示，相比鍵盤錄入筆記，手寫筆記會更有效率。手寫筆記可以提高對概念的理解能力。在一項研究中，使用電腦做筆記的同學回憶的內容與手寫筆記的同學會議的內容相當，但是前者對概念的掌握能力不及后者。

　　5.Use a Sleep Strategy 使用適當的睡眠策略

　　Common sense tells us that students need to get enough sleep to perform well in school。 But there are some surprising findings when it comes to how and when we sleep， as it pertains to our ability to learn。 It’s not about the amount of sleep you get， necessarily。 The timing of your sleep patterns also matters。

　　常識告訴我們，學生們只有得到足夠的睡眠，才能在學業上有好的表現。但也有一些令人吃驚的發現揭示睡眠的方式和時間可以影響我們的學習能力。不僅是關乎睡眠的總時間，睡眠的模式也非常重要。

　　A regular bed time is important， but students with later bedtimes have lower grades than students with earlier bedtimes。

　　規律的作息非常重要，習慣早睡的學生相比晚睡的學生有更好的課業成績。

　　When you sleep right before study time， the information seems to sink in as you sleep and soak into your long term memory。 Sleep actually reinforces learning。

　　如果在學習前小睡，那么所學的知識更容易長期記憶，睡眠確實可以幫助學習。

　　The information will transform from short term memory to long term learning if you go straight to bed after reading。 However， if you start reading Facebook posts or do any pleasure reading between study time and sleep time， you clog your brain with useless information and stop the potential for learning while sleeping。

　　如果在閱讀后隨即進入睡眠，則大腦更容易將短期記憶轉化為長期記憶。然而，如果你刷臉書或者做其他娛樂活動，你的大腦便容易被其他信息干擾，難以形成長期記憶。

　�。ū疚霓D自互聯網）

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